Challenges in Carbon Capture: Tackling Climate Change Head-On.

The pivotal role of carbon capture technologies in global climate strategies is hindered by their expense, unproven scalability, and public reluctance. As the 28th United Nations climate change conference approaches, the industry faces challenges in deployment and public acceptance.

### Forms of Carbon Capture

The prevalent method involves capturing CO2 emissions from point sources, directing them to either permanent underground storage (CCS) or utilization in industry (CCUS). Currently, 42 operational projects globally store 49 million metric tons annually, a mere 0.13% of the 37 billion metric tons of annual CO2 emissions. The majority (78%) involves enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a controversial practice.

Direct air capture (DAC), capturing emissions from the air, is another approach. Approximately 130 DAC facilities are planned globally, but only 27 are commissioned, capturing 10,000 metric tons annually. The U.S. committed $1.2 billion to two DAC hubs, yet their viability remains pending.

### High Costs

Cost poses a significant hurdle. CCS costs range from $15 to $120 per metric ton, while DAC projects are even pricier, ranging from $600 to $1,000 per metric ton. Financial challenges have paused projects in countries like Norway and Canada. Public subsidies, like the Inflation Reduction Act in the U.S., provide incentives, but profitability remains tied to revenue streams, such as increased oil output.

### Technological Challenges

Some CCS projects have faced technical setbacks, exemplified by a troubled Texas coal plant project with chronic mechanical issues. While incentives exist, developers may still incur additional costs, emphasizing the need for robust technological readiness.

### Location Constraints

Geological limitations on storage sites, concentrated in North America, East Africa, and the North Sea, add complexity. Extensive pipeline networks or shipping fleets may be required for transportation, introducing potential obstacles and public concerns, as seen in the cancellation of a $3 billion CCS pipeline project in the U.S. Midwest.

Companies investing in carbon removal must address community concerns about infrastructure, recognizing that not all technologies are universally feasible. Simone Stewart, an industrial policy specialist, underscores the importance of balancing technological aspirations with environmental and community considerations.